DanskDTU.dkIndexContactPhone bookDTU AlumniPortalen
Title: Process Design and Evaluation for Chemicals Based on Renewable Resources
Type: Ph.d. thesisPh.d. thesis
Participant(s):
Author:  Fu, Wenjing (Cwisno: 29622)
Technical University of Denmark
Email:

Supervisor:  Woodley, John (Cwisno: 40613)
Technical University of Denmark
Email:

Supervisor:  Gani, Rafiqul (Cwisno: 628)
Technical University of Denmark
Email:

Supervisor:  Riisager, Anders (Cwisno: 6154)
Technical University of Denmark
Email:

Abstract: One of the key steps in process design is choosing between alternative technologies, especially for processes producing bulk and commodity chemicals. Recently, driven by the increasing oil prices and diminishing reserves, the production of bulk and commodity chemicals from renewable feedstocks has gained considerable interest. Renewable feedstocks usually cannot be converted into fuels and chemicals with existing process facilities due to the molecular functionality and variety of the most common renewable feedstock (biomass). Therefore new types of catalytic methods as well as new types of processes for converting renewable feedstocks to bulk and commodity chemicals are
required. In the future, it seems increasingly likely that a combination of biocatalysts (in the form of enzymes) as well as chemical catalysts will be needed in the production of bulk chemicals from renewable feedstocks. In addition, another characteristic of chemicals based on renewable feedstocks is that many alternative technologies and possible routes exist, resulting in many possible process flowsheets. The challenge for process engineers is then to choose between possible process routes and alternative technologies as well as to match different catalyst conditions. These kinds of problems are crucial, especially at the early stages of process development, when information is limited.
This thesis describes a methodological framework for dealing with the challenges and giving direction to research in the process development of chemicals based on renewable feedstocks. As an example, this thesis especially focuses on applying the methodology in process design and evaluation of the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the renewable feedstock glucose/fructose. The selected example is part of the chemoenzymatic process design of the synthesis 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDA) from glucose.
By using the selected case study, the complexity and challenges for the process engineer to choose between different alternative routes and technologies as well as to combine two different kinds of catalysis (enzymatic catalysis and chemical catalysis) were illustrated.
Different process routes for the synthesis of HMF from fructose in the literature have been analyzed and evaluated. Using an aqueous route for HMF production is not economically feasible due to the low reaction yield. Using an anhydrous solvent for HMF synthesis is associated with high energy consumption and difficulties with solvent recycle in a large-scale production. The synthesis of HMF from fructose using a biphasic route is found to be promising, cost effective and give a better chance to be integrated with chemo-enzymatic cascades for producing FDA from glucose.
A process flowsheet using chemo-enzymatic cascades for HMF production from glucose has been proposed and evaluated. The process flowsheet is characterized by using glucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) to convert glucose into fructose with a biphasic reaction for dehydration of fructose into HMF with recycle of the aqueous phase back to the enzymatic reaction. Costing analysis indicates the HMF production cost by the designed process is very sensitive to the dehydration reaction yield, the amount of solvent used in the whole process and the glucose price. In addition, increasing scale is also help to decrease the HMF production cost.
Using an ionic liquid (IL) route for HMF production has been evaluated with the
dehydration reaction in [BMIm]Cl with different options starting from fructose and
glucose with different initial concentrations. The HMF production cost is highly affected by the recycle of IL and catalyst. Processes with a high feed concentration show better economic potential than processes with a low feed concentration. IL processes starting from fructose are more costly than IL processes starting from glucose. A high concentration feed of glucose showed the best economic potential.
To sum up, the dehydration reaction yield is found to be the key important factor to achieve a feasible production cost of HMF. The use of the organic solvent can not be avoided and plays a very important role in determining the process economics. Recycling (unconverted sugar, reaction medium and solvent) become essential issues for HMF processes to reach a feasible production cost. Future directions and suggestions for the synthesis of HMF from sugar in a large-scale have been proposed. The developed methodology is helpful in evaluation and giving research directions. The methodology can be applied to other chemical process design and evaluation problems and in particular those for the next generation of production processes.Et af nøgletrinnene inden for procesdesign er at vælge i mellem flere alternative
teknologier, og særligt i produktionen af store kvantiteter af almene
anvendelseskemikalier. Disse tiders stigende oliepriser og formindskede reserver har gjort, at produktionen af almene anvendelseskemikalier fra fornybare råmaterialer har vagt interesse. Fornybare råmaterialer kan som regel ikke omdannes til brændsel eller kemikalier med eksisterende procesanlæg på grund af deres molekylære funktionalitet og variation af de mest almindelige fornybare råmaterialer (biomasse). Grundet disse problemer er der brug for nye katalytiske metoder så vel som nye processer, der kan omdanne fornybare råmaterialer i massefremstilling af almene anvendelseskemikalier. I
fremtiden vil det være sandsynligt, at en kombination af biokatalysatorer (med enzymer), så vel som kemiske katalysatorer, vil være nødvendige i massefremstilling af almene anvendelseskemikalier. Herudover har kemikalier baseret på fornybare råmaterialer mange alternative teknologier og fremstillingsveje, hvilket resulterer i mange forskellige muligheder i procesflowdiagrammerne. Udfordringen for procesingeniører er at vælge i
mellem de mange mulige procesveje og alternative teknologier og de tilhørende
katalyseforhold. Disse typer af problemer er afgørende, særligt i de tidlige faser af procesudviklingen, hvor information ofte er begrænset.
Denne afhandling beskriver et metodisk framework, der adresserer og vejleder forskning i procesudviklingen af kemikalier baseret på fornybare råmaterialer. Som et eksempel på anvendelse af dette framework, fokuserer denne afhandling på procesdesign og evaluering af syntese af 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) fra det fornybare råmateriale glukose/fruktose. Det valgte eksempel er en del af det kemo-enzymatiske procesdesign af syntesen af 2,5-fuandicarboxylsyre (FDA) fra glukose.
Den valgte case viser kompleksiteten og udfordringerne som procesingeniører står overfor, når de skal vælge i mellem forskellige alternative synteseveje og teknologier. Herudover er en teknologi med to typer af katalyse (enzymatisk og kemisk) illustreret i casestudiet.
Forskellige procesveje til syntese af HMF fra fruktose fundet i litteraturen er blevet
analyseret og evalueret. Anvendelse af en vandig syntesevej til HMF produktion er ikke økonomisk mulig på grund af det lave reaktionsudbytte. Anvendelse af et ikke-vandigt opløsningsmiddel til HMF syntese er forbundet med et højt energiforbrug og vanskeligheder med genanvendelse af opløsningsmidlet i stor skala. Syntese af HMF fra fruktose ved en to-fase vej viser sig lovende, lav i omkostninger og giver en bedre mulighed for at integrere processen med kemo-enzymatiske kaskader til produktion af FDA fra glukose.
Et procesflowdiagram af kemo-enzymatiske kaskader til HMF produktion fra glukose er blevet foreslået og evalueret. Det karakteristiske ved dette procesflowdiagram er, at glukose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) bliver brugt til at omdanne glukose til fruktose med en to-fase reaktion, hvor fruktose dehydreres til HMF med recirkulation af den vandige fase tilbage til den enzymatiske reaktion. Omkostningsanalyser indikerer, at prisen af HMF produktionen ved den foreslåede proces er meget følsom i forhold til udbyttet af dehydreringen, i forhold til mængden af opløsningsmidlet, der bliver brugt i hele processen og i forhold til prisen på glukose. Herudover vil en større produktion også være
med til at nedbringe omkostningerne.
Anvendelse af en ionisk væske (IL) vej til HMF produktion er blevet evalueret med
dehydreringen i [BMIm]Cl med forskellige muligheder startende fra fruktose eller
glukose med forskellige begyndelseskoncentrationer. Omkostningerne af HMF
produktionen er særligt påvirket af recirkuleringen af IL og katalysatoren. Processer med høje startkoncentrationer viser bedre økonomisk potentiale end processer med lave startkoncentrationer. IL processer, der starter med fruktose som startprodukt har højere omkostninger end processer, der starter med glukose. En høj startkoncentration af glukose viser det bedste økonomiske potentiale.
I sammendrag er udbyttet af dehydreringen den mest betydende faktor i forhold til at opnå en rimelig omkostning af HMF. Brugen af organisk opløsningsmiddel kan ikke undgås og spiller en vigtig rolle i forhold til bestemmelse af den overordnede procesomkostning. Genanvendelse (uomdannet sukker, reaktionsmedium og opløsningsmiddel) bliver essentielle problemstillinger for at HMF produktionen kan opnå rimelige produktionsomkostninger. Fremtidige retninger og forslag til HMF syntese fra sukker i stor-skala er blevet foreslået. Den foreslåede metodik er hjælpsom til evaluering og til vejledning af forskning. Denne metodik kan anvendes til andre kemiske procesdesign og evalueringsproblemstillinger, og særligt i forbindelse med den næste
generation af produktionsprocesser.
Published:
File(s):
See the publication in DTU Orbit See the publication in DTU Orbit

Top